位運(yùn)算符允許對(duì)整型數(shù)中指定的位進(jìn)行求值和操作。
| 例子 | 名稱(chēng) | 結(jié)果 |
|---|---|---|
$a & $b |
And（按位與） | 將把 $a 和 $b 中都為 1 的位設(shè)為 1。 |
$a | $b |
Or（按位或） | 將把 $a 和 $b 中任何一個(gè)為 1 的位設(shè)為 1。 |
$a ^ $b |
Xor（按位異或） | 將把 $a 和 $b 中一個(gè)為 1 另一個(gè)為 0 的位設(shè)為 1。 |
~ $a |
Not（按位取反） | 將 $a 中為 0 的位設(shè)為 1，反之亦然。 |
$a << $b |
Shift left（左移） | 將 $a 中的位向左移動(dòng) $b 次（每一次移動(dòng)都表示“乘以 2”）。 |
$a >> $b |
Shift right（右移） | 將 $a 中的位向右移動(dòng) $b 次（每一次移動(dòng)都表示“除以 2”）。 |
位移在 PHP 中是數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算。向任何方向移出去的位都被丟棄。左移時(shí)右側(cè)以零填充，符號(hào)位被移走意味著正負(fù)號(hào)不被保留。右移時(shí)左側(cè)以符號(hào)位填充，意味著正負(fù)號(hào)被保留。
要用括號(hào)確保想要的優(yōu)先級(jí)。例如
$a & $b == true 先進(jìn)行比較再進(jìn)行按位與；而
($a & $b) == true 則先進(jìn)行按位與再進(jìn)行比較。
如果 &、 | 和
^ 運(yùn)算符的左右兩個(gè)操作對(duì)象都是字符串，將對(duì)會(huì)組成字符串的字符
ASCII 值執(zhí)行操作，結(jié)果也是一個(gè)字符串。除此之外，兩個(gè)操作對(duì)象都將
轉(zhuǎn)換為整數(shù) ，結(jié)果也將會(huì)是整數(shù)。
如果 ~ 運(yùn)算符的操作對(duì)象是字符串，則將對(duì)組成字符串的字符 ASCII 值進(jìn)行操作，
結(jié)果將會(huì)是字符串，否則操作對(duì)象和結(jié)構(gòu)都會(huì)是整數(shù)。
<< 和 >> 運(yùn)算符的操作對(duì)象和結(jié)果始終都是整數(shù)。
PHP 的 ini 設(shè)定 error_reporting 使用了按位的值，
提供了關(guān)閉某個(gè)位的真實(shí)例子。要顯示除了提示級(jí)別
之外的所有錯(cuò)誤，php.ini 中是這樣用的：
E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE
具體運(yùn)作方式是先取得 E_ALL 的值：
00000000000000000111011111111111
再取得 E_NOTICE 的值：
00000000000000000000000000001000
然后通過(guò) ~ 將其取反：
11111111111111111111111111110111
最后再用按位與 AND（&）得到兩個(gè)值中都設(shè)定了（為 1）的位：
00000000000000000111011111110111
另外一個(gè)方法是用按位異或 XOR（^）來(lái)取得只在 其中一個(gè)值中設(shè)定了的位：E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE
error_reporting 也可用來(lái)演示怎樣置位。只顯示錯(cuò)誤和可恢復(fù)
錯(cuò)誤的方法是：
E_ERROR | E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR
也就是將 E_ERROR
00000000000000000000000000000001
和 E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR
00000000000000000001000000000000
用按位或 OR（|）運(yùn)算符來(lái)取得在任何一個(gè)值中被置位的結(jié)果：
00000000000000000001000000000001
示例 #1 整數(shù)的 AND，OR 和 XOR 位運(yùn)算符
<?php
/*
* 忽略頂部，
* 它只是為了使輸出更加清晰而格式化。
*/
$format = '(%1$2d = %1$04b) = (%2$2d = %2$04b)'
. ' %3$s (%4$2d = %4$04b)' . "\n";
echo <<<EOH
--------- --------- -- ---------
result value op test
--------- --------- -- ---------
EOH;
/*
* 這是示例。
*/
$values = array(0, 1, 2, 4, 8);
$test = 1 + 4;
echo "\n Bitwise AND \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value & $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, '&', $test);
}
echo "\n Bitwise Inclusive OR \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value | $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, '|', $test);
}
echo "\n Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR) \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value ^ $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, '^', $test);
}
?>
以上例程會(huì)輸出：
--------- --------- -- --------- result value op test --------- --------- -- --------- Bitwise AND ( 0 = 0000) = ( 0 = 0000) & ( 5 = 0101) ( 1 = 0001) = ( 1 = 0001) & ( 5 = 0101) ( 0 = 0000) = ( 2 = 0010) & ( 5 = 0101) ( 4 = 0100) = ( 4 = 0100) & ( 5 = 0101) ( 0 = 0000) = ( 8 = 1000) & ( 5 = 0101) Bitwise Inclusive OR ( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) | ( 5 = 0101) ( 5 = 0101) = ( 1 = 0001) | ( 5 = 0101) ( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) | ( 5 = 0101) ( 5 = 0101) = ( 4 = 0100) | ( 5 = 0101) (13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) | ( 5 = 0101) Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR) ( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) ^ ( 5 = 0101) ( 4 = 0100) = ( 1 = 0001) ^ ( 5 = 0101) ( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) ^ ( 5 = 0101) ( 1 = 0001) = ( 4 = 0100) ^ ( 5 = 0101) (13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
示例 #2 字符串的 XOR 運(yùn)算符
<?php
echo 12 ^ 9; // 輸出 '5'
echo "12" ^ "9"; // 輸出退格字符 (ascii 8)
// ('1' (ascii 49)) ^ ('9' (ascii 57)) = #8
echo "hallo" ^ "hello"; // 輸出 ascii 值 #0 #4 #0 #0 #0
// 'a' ^ 'e' = #4
echo 2 ^ "3"; // 輸出 1
// 2 ^ ((int)"3") == 1
echo "2" ^ 3; // 輸出 1
// ((int)"2") ^ 3 == 1
?>
示例 #3 整數(shù)的位移
<?php
/*
* 這是示例。
*/
echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');
$val = 4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places);
$val = 4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');
$val = 4;
$places = 4;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond 0');
echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');
$val = -4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');
$val = -4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond -1');
echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');
$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 4;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);
$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'sign bits get shifted out');
$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side');
echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');
$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);
$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side, including sign bit');
/*
* 忽略頂部，
* 它只是為了使輸出更加清晰而格式化。
*/
function p($res, $val, $op, $places, $note = '') {
$format = '%0' . (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) . "b\n";
printf("Expression: %d = %d %s %d\n", $res, $val, $op, $places);
echo " Decimal:\n";
printf(" val=%d\n", $val);
printf(" res=%d\n", $res);
echo " Binary:\n";
printf(' val=' . $format, $val);
printf(' res=' . $format, $res);
if ($note) {
echo " NOTE: $note\n";
}
echo "\n";
}
?>
以上例程在 32 位機(jī)器上的輸出:
--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1 Decimal: val=4 res=2 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=00000000000000000000000000000010 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2 Decimal: val=4 res=1 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=00000000000000000000000000000001 Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3 Decimal: val=4 res=0 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=00000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: bits shift out right side Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4 Decimal: val=4 res=0 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=00000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0 --- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1 Decimal: val=-4 res=-2 Binary: val=11111111111111111111111111111100 res=11111111111111111111111111111110 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2 Decimal: val=-4 res=-1 Binary: val=11111111111111111111111111111100 res=11111111111111111111111111111111 NOTE: bits shift out right side Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3 Decimal: val=-4 res=-1 Binary: val=11111111111111111111111111111100 res=11111111111111111111111111111111 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1 --- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: 8 = 4 << 1 Decimal: val=4 res=8 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=00000000000000000000000000001000 NOTE: zeros fill in right side Expression: 1073741824 = 4 << 28 Decimal: val=4 res=1073741824 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=01000000000000000000000000000000 Expression: -2147483648 = 4 << 29 Decimal: val=4 res=-2147483648 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=10000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: sign bits get shifted out Expression: 0 = 4 << 30 Decimal: val=4 res=0 Binary: val=00000000000000000000000000000100 res=00000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: bits shift out left side --- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: -8 = -4 << 1 Decimal: val=-4 res=-8 Binary: val=11111111111111111111111111111100 res=11111111111111111111111111111000 NOTE: zeros fill in right side Expression: -2147483648 = -4 << 29 Decimal: val=-4 res=-2147483648 Binary: val=11111111111111111111111111111100 res=10000000000000000000000000000000 Expression: 0 = -4 << 30 Decimal: val=-4 res=0 Binary: val=11111111111111111111111111111100 res=00000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit
以上例程在 64 位機(jī)器上的輸出:
--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1 Decimal: val=4 res=2 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2 Decimal: val=4 res=1 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3 Decimal: val=4 res=0 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: bits shift out right side Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4 Decimal: val=4 res=0 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0 --- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1 Decimal: val=-4 res=-2 Binary: val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2 Decimal: val=-4 res=-1 Binary: val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 NOTE: bits shift out right side Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3 Decimal: val=-4 res=-1 Binary: val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1 --- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: 8 = 4 << 1 Decimal: val=4 res=8 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000 NOTE: zeros fill in right side Expression: 4611686018427387904 = 4 << 60 Decimal: val=4 res=4611686018427387904 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Expression: -9223372036854775808 = 4 << 61 Decimal: val=4 res=-9223372036854775808 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: sign bits get shifted out Expression: 0 = 4 << 62 Decimal: val=4 res=0 Binary: val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100 res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: bits shift out left side --- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS --- Expression: -8 = -4 << 1 Decimal: val=-4 res=-8 Binary: val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000 NOTE: zeros fill in right side Expression: -9223372036854775808 = -4 << 61 Decimal: val=-4 res=-9223372036854775808 Binary: val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Expression: 0 = -4 << 62 Decimal: val=-4 res=0 Binary: val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100 res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit
使用 gmp 擴(kuò)展對(duì)超出 PHP_INT_MAX 的數(shù)值來(lái)進(jìn)行位操作。